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Transformers

Year 11 (IGCSE) ⚡ Electricity & Magnetism  Apply the transformer equation V₁/V₂ = N₁/N₂; explain step-up/step-down.

⚡ How Transformers Work

A transformer changes AC voltage using electromagnetic induction. It has two coils (primary and secondary) wound on an iron core.

Transformers only work with AC (alternating current) — not DC!

📐 Transformer Equation

The ratio of voltages equals the ratio of turns.

Transformer Equation
$$\frac{V_1}{V_2} = \frac{N_1}{N_2}$$

$V_1$ = primary voltage  ·  $V_2$ = secondary voltage  ·  $N_1, N_2$ = number of turns

Step-up transformer: N₂ > N₁ → V₂ > V₁ (e.g. power grid, 11 kV → 400 kV)
Step-down transformer: N₂ < N₁ → V₂ < V₁ (e.g. 230 V mains → 12 V for a laptop)

⚡ Power & Efficiency in Transformers

For an ideal transformer, power in = power out.

Power Conservation
$$V_1 I_1 = V_2 I_2 \quad \text{(ideal transformer)}$$
🔌 Why transmit at high voltage? High V → low I → less power wasted as heat in cables (P = I²R).
🎯 Ready to test yourself? Click the Quiz tab above to answer questions on this topic!
⚗️ ⚡ Transformer Calculator

Power & Current in Ideal Transformer